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Nuclear Blast Shelter Construction

WARNING--This is a HOAX page!
DO NOT attempt ANYTHING suggested here!

As we roll through the 21st Century there is a curious question of nuclear war on people's minds, especially in light of a very fascinating recent stand-off and later happier meeting between two very colorful and no doubt powerful world leaders, both having nuclear capabilities at their very fingertips. The world watched on with bated breath. But thankfully the tensions de-escalated and we are now again in a period of some calm awaiting the next possible turbulence* somewhere on the sea of world peace.
* Yes, as of Feb 2022 it appears we are there again, with the military invasion of Ukraine.

Last century, during the height of the Cold War, people in the U.S. [and elsewhere] took a very fascinating direction:

The National Emergency Alarm Repeater (NEAR) program was developed in the United States in 1956 during the Cold War to supplement the existing siren warning systems and radio broadcasts in the event of a nuclear attack.

In the U.S. in September 1961, under the direction of Steuart L. Pittman, the federal government started the Community Fallout Shelter Program. A letter from President Kennedy advising the use of fallout shelters appeared in the September 1961 issue of Life magazine. Over the period 1961-1963, there was a growth in home fallout shelter sales
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallout_shelter#North_America

With Cold War tensions escalating in the 1950s, the threat of a Soviet nuclear attack cast a terrifying shadow over everyday American life. ... Families across the country (at least those who could afford it) built fallout shelters in their basements and backyards.

During the crisis over Berlin in mid-1961, President John F. Kennedy expanded the nation's civil defense programs, calling for more than $200 million in appropriations for the construction of public fallout shelters in the United States. Kennedy also encouraged Americans to build private shelters, the estimated number of which rose from 60,000 in June 1961 to some 200,000 in 1965.
https://www.history.com/news/cold-war-fallout-shelter-survival-rations-food


Image:American fallout shelter, around 1957

American fallout shelter, around 1957
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallout_shelter#North_America

Image:American fallout shelter, around 1957

American fallout shelter, around 1957
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallout_shelter#North_America

Image:American fallout shelter, around 1957

American fallout shelter, around 1957
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallout_shelter#North_America

There were, however, many questions whether these crudely constructed basement and backyard shelters really would have been able to withstand the full onslaught of a nuclear blast, the power of which is just about impossible to comprehend. And the nuclear weapons being constructed now are supposedly much more powerful than what was unleashed at the end of World War 2.

Understandably, the cost of constructing a suitable shelter to withstand a current nuclear blast would be well out of reach of the average family.

Or would it?

It just may be that with the current developments in the world of Evolution and especially with respect to the demise of the dinosaurs with the 66 Ma Extinction Event that this has all changed and brought the construction of a simple nuclear blast shelter to well within the budget of possibly the poorest family!

And what if I told you that this simple sort of shelter could possibly withstand the onslaught of something like up to the power of 921 billion Hiroshima A-Bombs? Would you be interested in having such a simple structure in your back yard?

We are now living in the 21st Century, and advances in the world of technology with new supercomputers that can model the destruction that supposedly fell upon the dinosaurs and caused their extinction have given us amazing information that can be used in various fields of study. One direction of information is how to survive a nuclear blast!

Over the last few decades the majority of Evolutionists have come to accept the Alvarez Hypothesis, that a large meteor slammed into the Earth at about 66 Ma and caused the extinction of the dinosaurs. The Evolutionists then used massive supercomputer simulations to determine the possible effects of the impact. The following quotes give an idea of what the dinosaurs were up against:

Within two minutes of slamming into Earth, the asteroid, which was at least six miles wide, had gouged a crater about eighteen miles deep and lofted twenty-five trillion metric tons of debris into the atmosphere. Picture the splash of a pebble falling into pond water, but on a planetary scale. When Earth's crust rebounded, a peak higher than Mt. Everest briefly rose up. The energy released was more than that of a billion Hiroshima bombs, ...
https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2019/04/08/the-day-the-dinosaurs-died

When it slammed into our planet, it hit with the force of over 100 trillion tons of TNT, somewhere in the vicinity of a billion nuclear bombs' worth of energy. p.315.
The RISE and FALL of the DINOSAURS
A New History of Their Lost World, STEVE BRUSATTE. 2018.

The impact had a kinetic energy of more than 10 billion megatonnes. This is a thousand times the amount of energy contained in all the world's nuclear weapons arsenals. p.254.
The Dinosaurs Rediscovered, MICHAEL J. BENTON, 2019.

The Chicxulub impactor had an estimated diameter of 11-81 kilometers (6.8-50.3 mi), and delivered an estimated energy of 21-921 billion Hiroshima A-bombs
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicxulub_crater


The Meteor
The Meteor
The Meteor
Point of impact: The Chicxulub crater at the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico.

And the Evolutionists tell us that most species on Earth went extinct as a result. But some survived. Like the birds. And the $64,000 question is, how in the world [literally] did they survive something destructive like a blast force equivalent of up to 921 billion Hiroshima A-bombs??

And the Evolutionists give us the answer. And we must give credit where it is due. Along with the improvements of the technological age with massive supercomputers, it is the Evolutionists who must be given full credit for putting into our hands the very simple building blocks of what can be used to construct a nuclear blast shelter that could withstand a destructive force of up to 921 billion Hiroshima A-bombs!!

Just how did the birds survive such a destructive force?

Avians may have been able to survive the extinction as a result of their abilities to dive, swim, or seek shelter in water and marshlands. Many species of avians can build burrows, or nest in tree holes, or termite nests, all of which provided shelter from the environmental effects at the K-Pg boundary.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretaceous%E2%80%93Paleogene_extinction_event

We will have a look at some of these and determine the most suitable and easy approach to take for a simple nuclear blast shelter which would be easy for an average family to construct or use.

Approach 1. water and marshlands:


Image:Marsh

Marsh

Image:Marsh

Marsh

Image:Marsh

Marsh

Well not every family may be living near a marsh. But we could consider the following:

Shallow marsh means a zone within a stormwater extended detention basin that exists from the surface of the normal pool to a depth of six to 18 inches, and has a large surface area and, therefore, requires a reliable source of baseflow, groundwater supply, or a sizeable drainage area to maintain the desired water surface elevations to support emergent vegetation.
https://www.lawinsider.com/dictionary/shallow-marsh

By this we would conclude that most marshes are shallow. And if we look at the above marsh pic the depth is probably not much more than 3 feet or one meter. Having said that the simple solution would be a swimming pool if you had one:


Image:Swimming pool

Swimming pool

Image:Swimming pool

Swimming pool

Image:Swimming pool

Swimming pool

Again, a swimming pool is not necessarily a commodity that the average family has in their back yard, so we will move on and look at the next suggestion. But before moving on we need to ask the following questions. Would a swimming pool do the job? According to the evolutionists, with a depth similar to a marsh, the answer is yes. The birds survived so so should you.

Which brings us to the next question. How did the birds survive underwater if they breath air? An interesting question and one that I do not know the answer to. Perhaps you could visit your local college biology department and ask the head biologist there. It's a very interesting question and I am sure that you will get a very interesting answer.

We move on. The next suggestion from the Evolutionists is burrowing:


Image:Wombat burrow

Wombat burrow, example of burrowing

Image:Wombat burrow

Wombat burrow, example of burrowing

Image:Wombat burrow

Wombat burrow, example of burrowing

As novel as this looks it's mainly for one person unless you are going to construct something large underground. That's moving in the direction of the old style underground shelters and these can be quite expensive. Since this is an expensive option we will leave this one off our list of budget nuclear shelters and move on to the next suggestion. But we will keep the burrowing option for a short term budget approach while you are constructing something expensive. See my Rent-a-Badger page for more information.

The next suggestion from the Evolutionists is tree-holes:


Image:Tree hole

Tree hole

Image:Tree hole

Tree hole

Image:Tree hole

Tree hole

Some people will have one tree or more in their back yard. But you are going to need a reasonably large tree and maybe more than one if you are considering a family shelter. As our over-all budget nuclear shelter this one probably won't do because of these restrictions. A large tree and probably more than one required. Some people may have this but the average family? Probably not.

Before moving on we need to ask the question would this person in the pic be safe with this size tree and hole? Well obviously he has to be able to get into the tree and for the size of the hole this should not be a problem. But is the hole too large? We have no stats on the tree hole sizes the birds were using to survive the meteor impact at 66 Ma. But according to the Evolutionists they survived so maybe any tree hole size might have done.

But maybe some did better than others. Perhaps a smaller fit did give more protection. Then there is the direction from the impact center. Unfortunate birds who hid in a tree with the hole facing the impact may not have done well. That might be cause for thought. If you are considering a large tree in your yard you might want to have a guess where a nuclear bomb is likely to land.

Have a look at a map of your area and see if there are any spots there that might be in some enemy nation's possible target list. If you can find any obvious ones then check the hole in your tree is on the opposite side away from the possible target location. Most people with one or more trees probably won't have the required holes. In that case it is a simple matter of cutting the required holes on the right side of your trees. It's a guess, but this tree solution is not a perfect solution.

We now look at the last one proposed by the Evolutionists. Termite mounds:


Image:Termite mound

Termite mound

Image:Termite mound

Termite mound

Image:Termite mound

Termite mound

At first look this one doesn't look promising as the average family is unlikely to have a termite mound in their backyard. And a reasonable size mound would be needed for a family shelter. But as strange as it sounds there is no shortage of large termite mounds in the world and some places have quite a lot of them. It may be possible to find reasonable size mounds that could easily be removed, made servicable and distributed to where they are needed.

They can come large enough and they are robust:

Mound-building termites are a group of termite species that live in mounds. These termites live in Africa, Australia and South America. The mounds sometimes have a diameter of 30 metres (98 ft).

The caatinga ecoregion in northeast Brazil has about 200 million termite mounds ... Scientists performed radioactive dating on 11 mounds. The youngest mound was 690 years old. The oldest was at least 3,820 years and possibly more than twice that.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termite_mound

So termite mounds can last for thousands of years. Something definitely robust for your back yard. And given the quantity of them in the world it should not be too hard to find a suitable mound for any size family.

A nearly 100% Worldwide Evolutionists Guarantee of Approval

So at this point it looks like Termite Mounds are the winner. And we have two possible options for those wanting that safe nuclear blast shelter in their back yard. Those taking the budget track can investigate purchasing a termite mound to fit their family specs. See the Termite Mound Farming Program page. If I can get the program up and running each mound will come completely cleaned and servicable and with a nearly 100% Worldwide Evolutionists Guarantee of Approval.

Every termite mound will come with a nearly 100% Worldwide Evolutionists Guarantee of Approval to withstand a nuclear blast force of up to 921 billion Hiroshima A-bombs. Since the majority of Evolutionists all around the world have accepted the Alvarez Hypothesis they will stand ready to back this guarantee up.

Since the birds hid in termite mounds to survive the dinosaur Extinction Event your mound will be guaranteed to withstand a blast force of up to 921 billion Hiroshima A-bombs. And the majority of Evolutionists all around the world will be ready to stand by this.

For those who can afford the more expensive track and are investigating building an underground blast shelter, they may find that this could take quite a while maybe even a few months. And those worrying what they could do in the mean time if a nuclear attack does occur can consider a very short term and very cheap option of having one or more burrowing holes put in their back yard. See the Rent-a-Badger page.

Also just as an afterthought, those going down this track of purchasing a nuclear blast shelter for their back yard might also want to stock up on some Non-Avian Dino-Free Drinking Water which contains no T-Rex piss. See related page.

Guarantee Disclaimer

The guarantee is not 100%.

Unfortunately a very small minority of evolutionists have rejected the Alvarez Hypothesis that a large meteor slammed into the Earth at 66 Ma causing the extinction of the dinosaurs. These evolutionists believe that the scenarios suggested by the supercomputer simulations would have also caused the complete extinction of other susceptible species which are still alive today:

What do we do with these impact scenarios? Naturally, we compare them with the evidence from the geological record. Birds, tortoises, and mammals live on land and breathe air: the evidence from the K-T boundary shows that they survived the K-T boundary event. Therefore they and the air they breathed weren't set on broil for several hours. To put it simply, these scenarios did not happen.
https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/education/events/cowen2b.html


Image:Birds, Tortoises, Mammals: example 2 extant monotremes Image:Birds, Tortoises, Mammals: example 2 extant monotremes Image:Birds, Tortoises, Mammals: example 2 extant monotremes

Birds, Tortoises, Mammals: example 2 extant monotremes.

Image:Birds, Tortoises, Mammals: example 2 extant monotremes Image:Birds, Tortoises, Mammals: example 2 extant monotremes Image:Birds, Tortoises, Mammals: example 2 extant monotremes

Birds, Tortoises, Mammals: example 2 extant monotremes.

Image:Birds, Tortoises, Mammals: example 2 extant monotremes
Image:Birds, Tortoises, Mammals: example 2 extant monotremes Image:Birds, Tortoises, Mammals: example 2 extant monotremes

Birds, Tortoises, Mammals: example 2 extant monotremes.

The survival of birds is the strangest of all the K-T boundary events, if we are to accept the catastrophic scenarios. Smaller dinosaurs overlapped with larger birds in size and in ecological roles as terrestrial bipeds. How did birds survive while dinosaurs did not? Birds seek food in the open, by sight; they are small and warm-blooded, with high metabolic rates and small energy stores. Even a sudden storm or a slightly severe winter can cause high mortality among bird populations. Yet an impact scenario, according to its enthusiasts, includes "a nightmare of environmental disasters, including storms, tsunamis, cold and darkness, greenhouse warming, acid rains and global fires." There must be some explanation for the survival of birds, turtles, and crocodiles through any catastrophe of this scale, or else the catastrophe models are wrong.
https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/education/events/cowen3b.html


Image:Birds, Turtles, Crocodiles Image:Birds, Turtles, Crocodiles Image:Birds, Turtles, Crocodiles

Birds, Turtles, Crocodiles.

Image:Birds, Turtles, Crocodiles Image:Birds, Turtles, Crocodiles Image:Birds, Turtles, Crocodiles

Birds, Turtles, Crocodiles.

Image:Birds, Turtles, Crocodiles
Image:Birds, Turtles, Crocodiles Image:Birds, Turtles, Crocodiles

Birds, Turtles, Crocodiles.

there was no extinction in the insects, a group that should have been the most sensitive to a global catastrophe predicted by the impact advocates. ... Nor do the birds show much extinction, even though they too should have been vulnerable (Chiappe 1995). ...
some extreme impact scenarios postulate extensive acid rain bathing the earth for a long time after the impact. However, the survival of amphibians shows that this is simply a fantasy (Weil 1984). Amphibians breathe through their porous skins and are sensitive to slight changes in the acidity of their watery habitat. Even now, the slightly more acidic conditions of lakes and ponds due to human-induced acid rain are causing frogs and salamanders to die out rapidly. If the entire earth had been subjected to a huge acid bath, there simply would not be a frog or salamander alive on the earth today. p.38.
After the Dinosaurs, Donald R. Prothero, 2006.


Image:Frogs, Salamanders Image:Frogs, Salamanders

Frogs, Salamanders

Image:Frogs, Salamanders Image:Frogs, Salamanders

Frogs, Salamanders

Image:Frogs, Salamanders Image:Frogs, Salamanders

Frogs, Salamanders

Further, since we do still have these susceptible species with us today, this strongly suggests that the Alvarez Hypothesis is indeed a complete fantasy. No meteor slammed into the Earth at 66 Ma causing a supposed extinction of the dinosaurs. The birds never had to survive a blast force of up to 921 billion Hiroshima A-bombs!!


Image:Species that should be extinct! Birds Image:Species that should be extinct! Tortoises Image:Species that should be extinct! Mammals
Image:Species that should be extinct! Crocodiles Image:Species that should be extinct! Frogs Image:Species that should be extinct! Salamanders Image:Species that should be extinct! Turtles

Some species that should be extinct!

Image:Species that should be extinct! Birds Image:Species that should be extinct! Tortoises Image:Species that should be extinct! Mammals
Image:Species that should be extinct! Crocodiles Image:Species that should be extinct! Frogs Image:Species that should be extinct! Salamanders Image:Species that should be extinct! Turtles

Some species that should be extinct!

Image:Species that should be extinct! Birds Image:Species that should be extinct! Frogs Image:Species that should be extinct! Salamanders
Image:Species that should be extinct! Crocodiles Image:Species that should be extinct! Tortoises Image:Species that should be extinct! Turtles
Image:Species that should be extinct! Mammals

Some species that should be extinct!

This means that none of our suggested budget nuclear shelters may provide any protection whatsoever.

WARNING--This is a HOAX page!
Because the Alvarez Hypothesis is a complete fantasy, the Evolutionist's suggested nuclear blast budget shelters are probably worse than useless. NO ONE should attempt ANY of the suggested budget shelters mentioned here under ANY conditions! Especially a nuclear attack!!

BREAKING NEWS Apr 2021: The Termite Mound Farming Program will be closing down
and currently no orders will be processed.

We express humble apologies to any who have been waiting for the program to get up and running. At this point in time that is not going to happen due to this latest news.

A study into the dinosaurs and Cretaceous birds has given some very surprising results. The list constructed did give us a reasonable sample of small bird-like feathered dinosaurs, avian dinosaurs, and Cretaceous birds [go figure] making it to the K-Pg Extinction Event at 66 Ma. But that is as far as they got. The conclusion was only too obvious. Despite all the Evolutionist hoo-ha and bravado it actually looks like none of the avian dinosaurs survived the Cretaceous-Paleogene Extinction Event!!

And the reasons why are only too painfully obvious. The Evolutionists have been touting for years that the birds survived the Extinction Event for the following reasons:

Avians may have been able to survive the extinction as a result of their abilities to dive, swim, or seek shelter in water and marshlands. Many species of avians can build burrows, or nest in tree holes, or termite nests, all of which provided shelter from the environmental effects at the K-Pg boundary.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretaceous%E2%80%93Paleogene_extinction_event

But sadly, the Cretaceous birds did not survive.

And the earliest bird fossils found in the Paleocene being millions of years past the K-Pg Extinction Event also do not support a survival.

So none of these suggested hiding places provided the necessary shelter to be able to withstand the meteor impact blast force of up to 921 billion Hiroshima A-bombs!

With this sad bit of news we have no option but to close down any activities suggesting that any of our Evolutionary budget approaches may provide any protection in the face of a nuclear blast.

The majority of Evolutionists around the world are still backing the birds and no doubt will continue to support these approaches.

But I have come to a point where I no longer believe that any of these approaches are tenable and safe and as a result will be closing all activities in this direction. This includes the Termite Mound Farming and Rent-a-Badger programs.

Again, I humbly apologize if this has caused any inconvenience but I believe the best interests of public safety must come first.

Again, thanks to all of our supporters and sadly they will just have to choose the more expensive options instead of our Evolutionary budget approaches.

Stephen

PS:
There are currently no plans to close down the Non-Avian Dino-Free Drinking Water: Contains no T-Rex piss program. That's still a good idea and may be pursued sometime in the future, even if the problem with the avian-dino piss can't be resolved.


REFERENCES


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fallout_shelter_photo.png
1950s fallout shelter
Unknown author
Public Domain

Marsh
https://www.publicdomainpictures.net/pictures/270000/velka/cattails-in-a-marsh.jpg
https://www.publicdomainpictures.net/en/view-image.php?image=268663&picture=cattails-in-a-marsh


Swimming Pool
https://www.publicdomainpictures.net/pictures/40000/velka/swimming-pool-1358643267YSN.jpg
https://www.publicdomainpictures.net/en/view-image.php?image=30904&picture=swimming-pool


Burrow
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Wombat_burrow.JPG
Public Domain

Tree hole
https://www.publicdomainpictures.net/en/view-image.php?image=375000&picture=crocodile-dundee-in-rainforest

Termite Mound
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Termite_mound_in_Namibia_(2014).jpg
Termite mound in Namibia (2014)
Attribution: Olga Ernst
This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license.

Note: when I mention the extinction of the dinosaurs this is not making a clear distinction. By the extinction of the dinosaurs I mean in general the non-avian dinosaurs.

Ma - million years ago.
Ba - billion years ago.

K-T, K-Pg boundary, extinction event
Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event
The Cretaceous–Paleogene (K–Pg) extinction event (also known as the Cretaceous–Tertiary (K–T) extinction) was a sudden mass extinction of three-quarters of the plant and animal species on Earth, approximately 66 million years ago.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretaceous%E2%80%93Paleogene_extinction_event

Chicxulub
pronounced [and my choice of a few]:
"Chik-shoo-loob"

Experts Reaffirm Asteroid Impact Caused Mass Extinction
MARCH 4, 2010
Some scientists have suggested that the Chicxulub (“chik-shoo-loob”) impact in Mexico ...
https://www.jsg.utexas.edu/news/2010/03/experts-reaffirm-asteroid-impact-caused-mass-extinction/

Chicxulub impact site
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Chicxulub_impact_-_artist_impression.jpg
This painting by Donald E. Davis depicts an asteroid slamming into tropical, shallow seas of the sulfur-rich Yucatan Peninsula in what is today southeast Mexico. The aftermath of this immense asteroid collision, which occurred approximately 65 million years ago, is believed to have caused the extinction of the dinosaurs and many other species on Earth. The impact spewed hundreds of billions of tons of sulfur into the atmosphere, producing a worldwide blackout and freezing temperatures which persisted for at least a decade. Shown in this painting are pterodactyls, flying reptiles with wingspans of up to 50 feet, gliding above low tropical clouds.
Author: Donald E. Davis
Public domain

Bird pics
https://www.publicdomainpictures.net
Public domain

Frog
Temporal range:
Early Jurassic - Present, 200-0 Ma
A frog is any member of a diverse and largely carnivorous group of short-bodied, tailless amphibians composing the order Anura (literally without tail in Ancient Greek). The oldest fossil "proto-frog" appeared in the early Triassic of Madagascar, but molecular clock dating suggests their origins may extend further back to the Permian, 265 million years ago.
They are also seen as environmental bellwethers, with declines in frog populations often viewed as early warning signs of environmental damage.
For the skin to serve as a respiratory organ, it must remain moist. This makes frogs susceptible to various substances they may encounter in the environment, some of which may be toxic and can dissolve in the water film and be passed into their bloodstream.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frog

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Litoria_phyllochroa.JPG
Attribution: Froggydarb
This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license.

Crocodile
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nile_croc_couple_690V1510_-_Flickr_-_Lip_Kee.jpg
Attribution: Lip Kee from Singapore, Republic of Singapore
This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 2.0 Generic license.
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/deed.en

Platypus + Echidna pics
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Monotreme_collage.jpg
Four of the five extant monotreme species: platypus (top-left), short-beaked echidna (top-right), western long-beaked echidna (bottom-left), and replica eastern long-beaked echidna (bottom-right).
Constituent files:
File:Platypus BrokenRiver QLD Australia.jpg
File:Long-beakedEchidna.jpg
File:Echidna in the Karawatha Forest - Radford.jpg
File:Zaglossus bartoni - MUSE.JPG
Attribution: Ypna
This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license.
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en

Monotremes
Temporal range: Early Cretaceous-Recent
[pic]
Four of the five extant monotreme species: platypus (top-left), short-beaked echidna (top-right), western long-beaked echidna (bottom-left), and replica eastern long-beaked echidna (bottom-right)
Monotremes (/ˈmɒnətriːmz/, from Greek μονός, monos ('single') and τρῆμα, trema ('hole'), referring to the cloaca) are one of the three main groups of living mammals, along with placentals (Eutheria) and marsupials (Metatheria).
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotreme

The platypus is one of the few monotremes still in existence today. The egg-laying mammal was only recently discovered to have lived during the Jurassic period. After analyzing a Teinolophos jawbone in 2008, University of Texas paleontologist Tim Rowe discovered that platypuses dated back as far as 122 million years ago.
Platypuses are one of only two mammalian species that lay eggs, the other being echidnas, or spiny anteaters.
https://www.huffpost.com/entry/animals-as-old-as-dinosaurs_n_6982300

Teinolophos
Temporal range: Aptian ~120-113 Ma Teinolophos is a prehistoric species of monotreme, or egg-laying mammal. It is known from four specimens, each consisting of a partial lower jawbone collected from the Wonthaggi Formation at Flat Rocks, Victoria, Australia. It lived during the Aptian age of the Lower Cretaceous.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teinolophos

Platypus
Evolution, paleontology, and classification
Aquatically adapted platypus-like monotremes probably evolved from a more-generalized terrestrial monotreme. The first occurrence in the fossil record of a platypus-like monotreme is from about 110 million years ago, in the early Cretaceous Period, when Australia was still connected to South America by Antarctica.
https://www.britannica.com/animal/platypus

Salamander
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SpottedSalamander.jpg
Attribution: Camazine at English Wikipedia
This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license.

Salamander
Temporal range:
Late Jurassic - Present, 160-0 Ma
Salamanders are a group of amphibians typically characterized by a lizard-like appearance, with slender bodies, blunt snouts, short limbs projecting at right angles to the body, and the presence of a tail in both larvae and adults.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salamander

Tortoise
https://www.publicdomainpictures.net
Public domain

Turtle
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Florida_Box_Turtle_Digon3_re-edited.jpg
Florida Box Turtle
Attribution: Jonathan Zander (Digon3)
This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fallout_shelter_photo.png
1950s fallout shelter
Unknown author
Public Domain

Marsh
https://www.publicdomainpictures.net/pictures/270000/velka/cattails-in-a-marsh.jpg
https://www.publicdomainpictures.net/en/view-image.php?image=268663&picture=cattails-in-a-marsh


Swimming Pool
https://www.publicdomainpictures.net/pictures/40000/velka/swimming-pool-1358643267YSN.jpg
https://www.publicdomainpictures.net/en/view-image.php?image=30904&picture=swimming-pool


Burrow
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Wombat_burrow.JPG
Public Domain

Tree hole
https://www.publicdomainpictures.net/en/view-image.php?image=375000&picture=crocodile-dundee-in-rainforest

Termite Mound
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Termite_mound_in_Namibia_(2014).jpg
Termite mound in Namibia (2014)
Attribution: Olga Ernst
This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license.

Note: when I mention the extinction of the dinosaurs this is not making a clear distinction. By the extinction of the dinosaurs I mean in general the non-avian dinosaurs.

Ma - million years ago.
Ba - billion years ago.

K-T, K-Pg boundary, extinction event
Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event
The Cretaceous–Paleogene (K–Pg) extinction event (also known as the Cretaceous–Tertiary (K–T) extinction) was a sudden mass extinction of three-quarters of the plant and animal species on Earth, approximately 66 million years ago.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretaceous%E2%80%93Paleogene_extinction_event

Chicxulub
pronounced [and my choice of a few]:
"Chik-shoo-loob"

Experts Reaffirm Asteroid Impact Caused Mass Extinction
MARCH 4, 2010
Some scientists have suggested that the Chicxulub (“chik-shoo-loob”) impact in Mexico ...
https://www.jsg.utexas.edu/news/2010/03/experts-reaffirm-asteroid-impact-caused-mass-extinction/

Chicxulub impact site
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Chicxulub_impact_-_artist_impression.jpg
This painting by Donald E. Davis depicts an asteroid slamming into tropical, shallow seas of the sulfur-rich Yucatan Peninsula in what is today southeast Mexico. The aftermath of this immense asteroid collision, which occurred approximately 65 million years ago, is believed to have caused the extinction of the dinosaurs and many other species on Earth. The impact spewed hundreds of billions of tons of sulfur into the atmosphere, producing a worldwide blackout and freezing temperatures which persisted for at least a decade. Shown in this painting are pterodactyls, flying reptiles with wingspans of up to 50 feet, gliding above low tropical clouds.
Author: Donald E. Davis
Public domain

Bird pics
https://www.publicdomainpictures.net
Public domain

Frog
Temporal range:
Early Jurassic - Present, 200-0 Ma
A frog is any member of a diverse and largely carnivorous group of short-bodied, tailless amphibians composing the order Anura (literally without tail in Ancient Greek). The oldest fossil "proto-frog" appeared in the early Triassic of Madagascar, but molecular clock dating suggests their origins may extend further back to the Permian, 265 million years ago.
They are also seen as environmental bellwethers, with declines in frog populations often viewed as early warning signs of environmental damage.
For the skin to serve as a respiratory organ, it must remain moist. This makes frogs susceptible to various substances they may encounter in the environment, some of which may be toxic and can dissolve in the water film and be passed into their bloodstream.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frog

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Litoria_phyllochroa.JPG
Attribution: Froggydarb
This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license.

Crocodile
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nile_croc_couple_690V1510_-_Flickr_-_Lip_Kee.jpg
Attribution: Lip Kee from Singapore, Republic of Singapore
This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 2.0 Generic license.
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/deed.en

Platypus + Echidna pics
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Monotreme_collage.jpg
Four of the five extant monotreme species: platypus (top-left), short-beaked echidna (top-right), western long-beaked echidna (bottom-left), and replica eastern long-beaked echidna (bottom-right).
Constituent files:
File:Platypus BrokenRiver QLD Australia.jpg
File:Long-beakedEchidna.jpg
File:Echidna in the Karawatha Forest - Radford.jpg
File:Zaglossus bartoni - MUSE.JPG
Attribution: Ypna
This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license.
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en

Monotremes
Temporal range: Early Cretaceous-Recent
[pic]
Four of the five extant monotreme species: platypus (top-left), short-beaked echidna (top-right), western long-beaked echidna (bottom-left), and replica eastern long-beaked echidna (bottom-right)
Monotremes (/ˈmɒnətriːmz/, from Greek μονός, monos ('single') and τρῆμα, trema ('hole'), referring to the cloaca) are one of the three main groups of living mammals, along with placentals (Eutheria) and marsupials (Metatheria).
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotreme

The platypus is one of the few monotremes still in existence today. The egg-laying mammal was only recently discovered to have lived during the Jurassic period. After analyzing a Teinolophos jawbone in 2008, University of Texas paleontologist Tim Rowe discovered that platypuses dated back as far as 122 million years ago.
Platypuses are one of only two mammalian species that lay eggs, the other being echidnas, or spiny anteaters.
https://www.huffpost.com/entry/animals-as-old-as-dinosaurs_n_6982300

Teinolophos
Temporal range: Aptian ~120-113 Ma Teinolophos is a prehistoric species of monotreme, or egg-laying mammal. It is known from four specimens, each consisting of a partial lower jawbone collected from the Wonthaggi Formation at Flat Rocks, Victoria, Australia. It lived during the Aptian age of the Lower Cretaceous.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teinolophos

Platypus
Evolution, paleontology, and classification
Aquatically adapted platypus-like monotremes probably evolved from a more-generalized terrestrial monotreme. The first occurrence in the fossil record of a platypus-like monotreme is from about 110 million years ago, in the early Cretaceous Period, when Australia was still connected to South America by Antarctica.
https://www.britannica.com/animal/platypus

Salamander
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SpottedSalamander.jpg
Attribution: Camazine at English Wikipedia
This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license.

Salamander
Temporal range:
Late Jurassic - Present, 160-0 Ma
Salamanders are a group of amphibians typically characterized by a lizard-like appearance, with slender bodies, blunt snouts, short limbs projecting at right angles to the body, and the presence of a tail in both larvae and adults.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salamander

Tortoise
https://www.publicdomainpictures.net
Public domain

Turtle
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Florida_Box_Turtle_Digon3_re-edited.jpg
Florida Box Turtle
Attribution: Jonathan Zander (Digon3)
This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license.


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Stephen Buckley
E-mail: greatesthoax [at] duck.com
Last revised: 27 Feb 2022.
Construction started about 19 Feb 2021.


Page design/construction Stephen Buckley 2021.